12/29/2023 0 Comments Valheim teleport building“We want players to build many bases as they progress, because many building pieces and such things are unlocked as you go, so you don’t have access to everything from the beginning,” says Törnqvist. Valheim is a game of journeys, and it wants you to feel like a stranger in unknown lands. All of this means that at a deep level, Valheim is a game of journeys, and it wants you to feel like a stranger in unknown lands and to need to make footholds in them. We would definitely like to add unique stuff like that.”Īnyway, Törnqvist and Svensson wanted Valheim to be very much about being a Viking, with players building boats and sailing the seas between the islands that make up its world. “They’re something that I personally think the game lacks a bit, like coming across something really spectacular, a giant castle complex or something, and perhaps there’s only one of this castle in the world. ![]() “I talked about having really unique locations during development,” he says. Valheim, after all, is still in Early Access. The result is a world that encourages you to explore it, one in which you can feel enveloped by wilderness and also trust that you’ll likely come across something remarkable that makes every journey worthwhile.Īs an aside, Törnqvist isn’t sure they’ve quite nailed those points of interest yet. So they squeezed Valheim down to better balance its sense of wilderness with its places of interest, at least in terms of how many interesting places its tiny five-person team could reasonably produce. “You’ve got to have something to fill it, or to put it another way, there’s got to be an end point to every journey,” says Törnqvist. They love the sense of exploring big, open spaces, so much so that early in Valheim’s development, the world was much bigger than it is today.īut they also know that there’s a point at which all that open space stops adding anything to the experience. Something important to know about Valheim is that Törnqvist and his co-lead, Richard Svensson, are really into the Elder Scrolls series, especially the stupefyingly vast Daggerfall, which contains over 15,000 settlements and dungeons. But why would you put something in a game that you don’t want players to use? “We redesigned them several times because we didn’t want people to use them too much,” co-founder Henrik Törnqvist tells me. Why not both, right? Well, one reason why not is that these two ideals sometimes rub up against each other the wrong way.ĭeveloper Iron Gate Studio found a particular pressure point when they came to design its portals, which instantly teleport players across the game world. It’s also a game in which you’re a Viking who goes on epic voyages to distant islands for fortune and enough glory to ascend to Valhalla. Valheim is a survival game in which you grub around in forests for wood and leather scraps and steadily build your base into a towering castle. We may not travel through a portal with Valheim's treasure until we impose our will on it by crafting it in to the tools of Odin's command.This is The Mechanic, where Alex Wiltshire invites developers to discuss the difficult journeys they’ve taken to make their games. Valheim's most protected treasures are the metals guarded by the denizens of each biome. For not only do we build but we ensnare the power of even the most evil spirits themselves (surtlings and greydwarves) to fold the reality of this world. ![]() The Forsaken and the spirits that are linked to them resist our efforts.īut they can not stop us. Such industry angers the spirits of the world (workbench aggro). ![]() We take the resources of the world itself and bend it to our will. So here we are - agents of Odin sent to prove our worth and impose his will in a world that has slipped his control. Odin's reach here is limited as the Forsaken have not died with their severed world but gained power. Valheim is a lost realm imprisoning vengeful spirits and enemies of Odin the Forsaken. Want headcannon for metals and portals? OK.
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12/29/2023 0 Comments Longest book on epic reading 2022![]() Throughout, Bennett makes the case that on top of being a source of fun and a means of transportation, the bike is a vehicle of social and political transformation. Published in 1975, the novel is set between 19361942 in Australia’s Northern Territory. It is the longest Australian work of fiction and the longest single-volume novel in the English language. Poor Fellow My Country is an award-winning novel by Australian author Xavier Herbert. Chow, Lucy Feldman, Mahita Gajanan, Annabel Gutterman, Angela. Poor Fellow My Country by Xavier Herbert. It draws on in-depth archival research and reminds us just how far we've come.īruce Bennett delves into the history of the bicycle in cinema, covering all manner of films from slapstick comedies of the early 20th century to Hollywood blockbusters, and everything in between. Gripping novels, transporting poetry, and timely nonfiction that asked us to look deeper. Get ready for the most MONSTROUS read EVER with Megamonster, the. ![]() ![]() Buy Desire Discrimination Determination - Black Champions in Cycling from Raphaīikes and Bloomers: Victorian Women Inventors and their Extraordinary Cycle Wear, Kat JungnickelĪ cycling history book with a difference, Bikes and Bloomers traces the evolution of women's cycling kit and tells the story of how the humble bicycle contributed to women's liberation. Go back to the Space Race with David Walliams epic and hilarious new adventure for 2022.He draws on his own bike-racing career and testimony from other riders to address racism, and how cycling can become more diverse and inclusive. Longest On Epic Reading 2023 longest-on-epic-reading-2023 2 Downloaded from on by guest and liberation movements to the end of apartheid and the fall of the Berlin Wall, Three Lines in a Circle offers a message of inspiration to todays children and adults who are working to create social change. Re-examining our sport through the lens of Black riders' stories and experiences, Dr Moncrieffe's book casts light on the neglected history of grassroots and competitive Black cycling. Desire Discrimination Determination - Black Champions in Cycling, Marlon Lee Moncrieffe Desire Discrimination Determination is the story of black cycling heroes. 12/29/2023 0 Comments Elf putty blush![]() Otherwise, they do not lift up coverage underneath. ![]() As with all creams, I do recommend not applying them over powder. The luminous aspect is not achieved with glitter, rather, these have a metallic sheen that look fresh and healthy on the skin. You should not feel overwhelmed by the vibrancy of the product in the pot. I love that they dry down from a cream to a powder finish, and they are perfectly buildable so that you can control the intensity. The formula is lightweight, velvety, and smooth to become skin-like on application. To begin, these blushes meet their claims. If you have already read my elf Putty Blush review of the original matte formulation, then you will understand that elf is striving to make this new lineup just as good as those, and the review is really the same. It is now time for my elf Luminous Putty Blush review. As the directions state, a sponge or your fingers is perfectly fine too! The blushes make an excellent compliment to their bronzers, which I detail in my elf Putty Bronzer review. I like their Putty Blush Brush, Small Stipple Brush, and Putty Bronzer Brush. My favorite tools to apply these blushes with primarily come from elf. The Putty Blush and the Putty Blush Brush costs a total of 10 all together 6 for the blush, and 4 for the brush. Theres even a special brush designed for the Putty Blush, so you can get the most flawless application possible. You may build them up to your desired intensity. Cosmetics weighs in at 0.35, according to Amazon. Since these are a cream, you should not layer them over powder. You are to use a brush, your fingers, or a sponge by gently patting the blush over your cheeks until it is blended. Phenyl Trimethicone, Aluminum Starch Octenylsuccinate, Microcrystalline Wax (Cera Microcristallina), Mica, Synthetic Fluorphlogopite, Synthetic Wax, Silica, Polyisobutene, Silica Dimethyl Silylate, Polyhydroxystearic Acid, Phenoxyethanol, Diethylhexyl Syringylidenemalonate, Tocopheryl Acetate, Caprylyl Glycol, Argania Spinosa Kernel Oil, Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride, Tin Oxide, Glycerin elf Luminous Putty Blush Application Directionsįourth, I want to share application directions and tools. ![]() ![]() The key ingredients are Argan Oil and Vitamin E which are included to hydrate the skin. Third are the elf Luminous Putty Blush ingredients. Barts elf Luminous Putty Blush Ingredients Once the kernels are obtained, the oil is pressed out from them (the kernels contain about 50% oil).Maui Barbados Belize Bermuda Isla Del Sol St. This part is the hard one as the seeds have extremely hard shells. The seeds are collected and smashed with a stone to get the kernels inside. The traditional process is that the ripe argan fruits fall from the tree, then goats eat them up and poop out the seeds. The tree is slow growing and getting the oil is a hard job. Infused with argan oil and vitamin E for. So, argan oil comes from the kernel of the argan fruit that comes from the argan tree that grows only in Morocco. Say hello to that island glow This lightweight but buildable, putty to powder blush, blends seamlessly into skin. Not that it's not good, it is good, even great but reading the research about argan and a bunch of other plant oils we just do not see the big, unique differentiating factor (though that might be our fault not reading enough, obvs.) Dubbed as the " liquid gold of Morocco", we have to admit we have some trouble determining why this oil enjoys such a special miracle status. When it comes to cosmetic oils and hype, argan oil is for sure leading the way. 12/29/2023 0 Comments Male blueprint meaning![]() Male/female dimorphism between organisms or reproductive organs of different sexes is not limited to animals male gametes are produced by chytrids, diatoms and land plants, among others. ova) and differences between males and females in one lineage are not always predictive of differences in another. Īccordingly, sex is defined across species by the type of gametes produced (i.e.: spermatozoa vs. There is a good argument that this pattern was driven by the physical constraints on the mechanisms by which two gametes get together as required for sexual reproduction. The repeated pattern is sexual reproduction in isogamous species with two or more mating types with gametes of identical form and behavior (but different at the molecular level) to anisogamous species with gametes of male and female types to oogamous species in which the female gamete is very much larger than the male and has no ability to move. The existence of separate sexes has evolved independently at different times and in different lineages, an example of convergent evolution. The use of "male" in regard to sex and gender has been subject to discussion. In humans, the word male can also be used to refer to gender, in the social sense of gender role or gender identity. Most male mammals, including male humans, have a Y chromosome, which codes for the production of larger amounts of testosterone to develop male reproductive organs. A male organism cannot reproduce sexually without access to at least one ovum from a female, but some organisms can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Male ( symbol: ♂) is the sex of an organism that produces the gamete (sex cell) known as sperm, which fuses with the larger female gamete, or ovum, in the process of fertilisation. It also stands for the planet Mars and is the alchemical symbol for iron. The symbol of the Roman god Mars (god of war) is often used to represent the male sex. For other uses, see Male (disambiguation). For the capital of the Maldives, see Malé. 12/28/2023 0 Comments Powershell grep files for stringThe total milliseconds elapsed was used as the time measure. (You can download the resulting test files here: grep-select-string-test.zip).Įach search was performed seven times. There were eleven sample files: 1,000 sentences, 10,000 sentences, 20,000 sentences, and so on to 100,000 sentences. One in ten sentences contained the word “key” at a random location within the sentence. Each file contained sentences of random length (5-25 random words). I generated sample files using a sample dictionary file. I do have the occassional free weekend and I was very curious. If Select-String was significantly slower, then a good weekend project might be to write a faster parser. Mark Boltz ( suggested running several tests of both and taking an average to get a sense of how Select-String stacks up. NET, we can make an assumption that grep should be faster than Select-String. Richard Minerich ( brought up a good point: compiled C code is generally faster than C# code. This had me wondering about how PowerShell’s Select-String stacks up. #2 trick: GNU grep is fast because it EXECUTES VERY FEW INSTRUCTIONS FOR EACH BYTE that it *does* look at.” “The key to making programs fast is to make them do practically nothing.” He also provided this excellent advice: “#1 trick: GNU grep is fast because it AVOIDS LOOKING AT EVERY INPUT BYTE. In the post titled “ why GNU grep is fast“, Mike described the algorithm grep uses. ![]() Mike was the original developer of GNU grep. Over the weekend, we were discussing on Twitter a post from Mike Haertel. Of course, various functions exist that enable you to modify the found substrings.How fast is grep? Reasonably fast. One example would be to format the output in a much easier-to-read layout by piping the result into Format-List or Out-GridView. String processing of matchesīecause you can pass the result of Select-String to a variety of cmdlets, you have almost unlimited possibilities to process the results. ![]() ![]() To get all matches, you have to add the -AllMatches switch. The example below shows the exact matches: Select-String -Path *.* -Pattern "DO.*=" | Select Matchesīy default, you only see the first match in each line. With complex regular expressions, you are often uncertain about the strings they actually match. If you work with regular expressions, Matches is another particularly helpful property. (The parameter -Context also displays lines before and after the line with the match.)įor example, the command below only displays filenames and lines that contain the search string: Select-String -Path index.html -SimpleMatch "Home" | Select FileName, LineNumber Usage of MatchInfo propertiesįor instance, properties are useful for changing the output of the cmdlet if you are unhappy with the relatively confusing presentation of path, filename, and line number of Select-String. If you pass the output of Select-String to Get-Member, you’ll receive a list of all methods and properties. Compared to flat text, objects have the advantage of offering methods and properties that allow you to process their output in a more sophisticated way. Search results as MatchInfo objectsĪs opposed to text-oriented tools such as find, a cmdlet returns an object (in the case of Select-String of the type MatchInfo). However, you can accomplish this by piping the output of the Get-ChildItem cmdlet into Select-String: Get-ChildItem *.* -Exclude *.pdf -Recurse | Select-String -Pattern "DO.*="īecause Get-ChildItem selects the files, Select-String only has to take care of the search pattern. In contrast to find and findstr, Select-String cannot search recursively in subdirectories. In the above example, Select-String searches only in files in the current directory, excluding ZIP archives and PDF files. ![]() You may further restrict your search by excluding files with the parameter -Path, together with wildcards: Select-String -Path *.* -Exclude *.pdf,*.zip -Pattern "DO.*=" -NotMatch Search in subdirectories with Get-ChildItem With -NotMatch, PowerShell’s grep counterpart Select-String also supports reverse search, which finds only lines that don’t contain the search pattern. Select-String -Path index.html -SimpleMatch "Home" Reverse search with -NotMatch 12/28/2023 0 Comments Will they make another eragon movie![]() Every character is important in their own way to the story, even if they only have a small role at first. Fixing Angela and Arya will be important, and adding characters that didn’t appear but are important for future plot points, like Orik and Solembum, will be necessary to make a good adaptation. Whether appearances are the same as they are in the book, the important thing is to make sure all the right characters are in the series too, and in the right way. By remembering what the plot is and what’s important to it, they can make the adaptation as true as they can while pleasing all the fans who were angry with the movie’s mistakes. There are definitely things they need to keep in mind as they begin to work on the show, however, and this can definitely be helped by keeping in mind the movie’s mistakes. It’ll be very hard for the series to get it wrong when the original author is involved, as he knows the world and the characters the best. The series is already on the right track, as Christopher Paolini is directly involved as a co-writer and producer. The plot also changes completely when Galbatorix actually knows the location of all the elven and dwarven cities, and is trying to kill Eragon and Saphira instead of recruiting them to rebuild the riders under his rule. Some other important characters were also changed too far for them to still have the same later significance, like Angela, or were removed altogether, like Orik. Arya, Eragon’s love interest for the series, has a cold personality and never really showed him any romantic affection, but the movie changed both of those entirely. However, there were many character and plot issues the movie ran into. Saphira herself is also different, but still a dragon and still blue, if not duller than what she sounded like in the books. As long as the mark Eragon receives after touching Saphira exists because of its importance, it doesn’t matter that much what it looks like or where it is. Some of the many differences the Eragon movie decided to change from the books are simple, like appearance changes, that might not have affected the film if they were the only changes. Many fans had a hard time liking the many differences the film included, and for adaptations, how close or far away from the source material the movie is can make or break it. The biggest problem, however, was the unfaithfulness to the source material. Some of its visuals were also criticized, though the CGI was thought to be good by some people. Some people took issue with the acting and dialogue, claiming they were both stiff and felt lifeless, falling flat in the eyes of anyone who had seen it, whether they were fans of the original material or not. ![]() There were many faults the movie had in the audience’s eyes. Related: Disney+ Announces Price Hike and Ad-Supported Tier Coming By the End of 2022 ![]() However, the reviews and reactions of the audience and critics are what really did the movie in. The movie received two Saturn award nominations too, one for Best Fantasy Film and one for the lead actor. The studio and director were prepared to make an entire film series to adapt all four of the books, since Eragon was a New York Times Best Seller and started the author Christopher Paolini’s career. With a budget of about $100 million, it made $250 million in theaters - a pretty big gain for something that ultimately failed. you would never guess that there were supposed to be elves and dwarves in the world." There is currently no release date for the show, though a subsequent standalone novel that follows Eragon's brother, titled Murtagh, was released earlier this year.By all accounts, Eragon was a box office success. And there's magical reasons for that in the world." "They just completely eliminated that from the movie, as well as. Eragon and his companions end up traveling to a place where these absolutely gigantic, staggeringly large mountains, which are about 10 miles high. He continued: "One very small example, I say small but it's actually large, is with locations. to capture the feel of the characters, the emotion of the story, and the grandeur of the locations, something that I think the original film really fell down on," he said. Paolini serves as both an executive producer and co-writer on the show and is currently looking for a showrunner. “Eragon” by Christopher Paolini Knopf Books for Young ReadersĪ television adaptation of the books was announced last year, though the show's development has been restarted because of the writer's strike. 12/28/2023 0 Comments Maya le clark sexy![]() Maya Le Clark is 12 years old, born on March 28, 2011. By constantly evolving and adapting their strategy to align with the shifting digital landscape, they maintain a constant relevance and resonance with their audience. With a forward-thinking approach and keen understanding of the digital space, Maya Le Clark ensures their sustained success and strong standing within the industry. By exploring new passions and interests,Maya Le Clark continually nurtures their creativity and growth, ensuring that their content remains fresh, engaging, and relevant to their ever-evolving audience. These pursuits not only serve as sources of relaxation and renewal but also supply unique perspectives and creative inspiration for their professional endeavors. This strategic approach to monetization further solidifies their position as influential figure in the industry and a force to be reckoned with.Īway from the digital limelight, Maya Le Clark immerses themselves in diverse hobbies and interests. Through prestigious partnerships with renowned brands, lucrative sponsorships, and innovative marketing initiatives, Maya Le Clark has built a multifaceted revenue model that has maximized their reach and influence. This evolution has not only attracted attention from fans and admirers but also caught the eye of major brands and organizations, seeking to collaborate with Maya Le Clark for their unique vision and magnetic appeal. Their compelling digital journey has allowed Maya Le Clark to transform from a passionate social media enthusiast to a key industry figure, achieving numerous significant milestones and exponentially expanding their influence. ![]() As a highly acclaimed social media personality and Instagram influencer, Maya Le Clark has skillfully harnessed the power of digital platforms to foster meaningful connections with their audience. ![]() Maya Le Clark ‘s dynamic presence across various social media platforms, such as Facebook, TikTok, and Instagram, has rapidly attracted a devoted following, unlocking an array of opportunities in the process. 12/28/2023 0 Comments Aim assist fortnite ps5![]() ![]() ![]() This is one of the critical parts of the Builder Pro layout.It allows them to build faster and with more accuracy. Most professional Fortnite players on controllers prefer the Builder Pro layout. Turning on “Confirm Edit on Release” will speed up your editing process, but it may take some time to get used to. Pressing a separate button to confirm your editing line-up is an interaction that can slow you down.Keep this setting on to avoid falling from the sky just because you ran out of wood. Some building fights, towards the late game, can get so intense that you may run out of certain materials.Once you get used to this setting, you’ll be building in prime conditions. It can make you misbuild while you’re adjusting to it, however. This setting essentially increases your building speed.More often than not, it will disrupt your rhythm while building, making it an overall annoyance in the long run. Edit aim assist is nothing like the regular one.It makes tracking enemies more manageable, and, with time, you’ll learn its secrets like spam clicking. Aim assist is the most significant advantage you’ll have against mouse and keyboard players.This can effectively get you killed and cost you a Victory Royale. Turning it off can cause you to switch to the building mode with a piece that you placed before, but can’t put in that moment.This setting automatically places the consumable items, that you loot, to the right side of the inventory, making your guns easier to reach in case of emergency.You can still keep it enabled if you’ve become handy with dropping weapons when you find new ones, but we recommend keeping it on if you’re picky with your loot. This setting is On by default, and you may have gotten used to it over time. ![]() It allows you to mark enemies while aiming, which should keep you and your teammates on the same page. If you’re a team player, this is a must-have setting.Having “Toggle Targeting” on can make it harder to switch between aim modes when a wild enemy suddenly decides to rush you down.Turning on “Tap to Search/Intereach” and disabling “Hold to Swap Pickup” reduce the time you’d take to perform these actions.Turning this setting on will automatically open any door you approach and save you another keybind slot for the future. While interactions like opening doors isn’t a problem for mouse and keyboard players, they may become daunting for controller players because of their small pool of available keys.To make up for its absence, you can always cancel reloading by swapping guns. Since you’ll have Sprint by Default enabled, turning this option on would only cause you to move around with empty magazines.In addition to saving time, this option also makes sure that you move at your fastest at any given situation. Turning on this option turns your default movement method to sprinting.Sprinting by default makes this option unnecessary, and turning this off will also free up your 元 button.While the auto-region does its best to get you in a game with the lowest ping, it may favor filling out a lobby at late hours, making you join a game on the other coast of the country. Don’t play with auto-region on, especially during off-hours, and if you’re a competitive player.Matchmaking region: Pick the closest server to you. 12/28/2023 0 Comments Montage maui lost and found![]() I can honestly say that the management and staff at the resort created the most amazing vacation that my dad would have wanted. As a tribute, we all decided to return to the last spot we got to enjoy on holiday with him and to make sure we create new memories and celebrate his life after everything he has done for us. The last time we were there was in November 2015 with my father, who we lost suddenly this January. We just recently returned from a 10 day family holiday at the Montage. We found all their recommendations to be top notch. The concierge desk was also very helpful in recommending great excursions. The bartender there (I believe Lori was her name) was outstanding and true asset for the resort. However, towards the end of our stay we found a separate smaller pool area that also had its own bar and restaurant area. The wait staff by the pool area was good, but sometimes it appeared that they were a bit understaffed. These were relatively small issues but when you're paying top dollar you expect everything to work with no problems. They quickly sent people to fix them, but the directv never fully worked in the second bedroom. Second, there was a problem with the directv in one of the bedrooms. First, the toilets in two bathrooms were broken when we first checked-in. I would have given the resort a 5 star rating, but there were a couple small issues. The valet team was outstanding, always making sure we had a supply of towels and water in the car every time we left the resort on an excursion. They do a great job being kid friendly while also maintaining a relaxing environment for adults. ![]() The staff is very professional and courteous. The resort grounds, pools, rooms, etc., were all beautiful. We stayed here for a week as a family of six over Thanksgiving. All in all Montage is a great place to stay and excellent way to relax and enjoy some time in Maui. Cooking dinner there is a great option as the kitchens are well stocked with appropriate cookware etc. The finishes are top notch and after several years are wearing quite well. It was a very large three bedroom with ample space for our group of 4 adults and three kids. The condos we stayed in were amazing units. She is the consummate professional and if you tell her what you like she will be glad to make you a tasty concoction. When you do, make sure to say hello to Carrie from her friend Jim from Chicago. In the evening make sure to stop by the Cane and Canoe bar. Perhaps they can upgrade that offering over time. After a week we were struggling to eat the same items over and over. My only criticism is that the menu is lacking options. Not having to fight for a good pool chair is a wonderful thing. ![]() At that time of year the pools are empty and the service team is relaxed and on point. My tip is to come in late October as hotel occupancy is typically quite low. Did I mention the short walk to Merriman's? That is one of the best restaurants on the island. The spot is so private and quiet not at all the normal touristy feel of Maui making this a great place to relax. It was great last year and even better the second time around! The resort is on an incredible piece of land featuring a wonderful snorkeling beach on one end and a really cool natural habitat on the other. This was the second time we were fortunate enough to be invited by the in-laws to stay at the Montage, Maui. 12/28/2023 0 Comments Lift drag thrustWhile the velocities of fixed wings and rotor blades remain oriented primarily horizontally in aircraft, this is not generally true for the wings of slow-flying animals. The notion that lift acts vertically and drag acts horizontally in level flight may become inaccurate during slow, flapping flight. Note that 2D perch forces ( F takeoff and F landing) are simply plotted along a straight horizontal line at the same rate as the aerodynamic forces. d We synchronize our AFP measurements with high-speed kinematics to show how the net 2D aerodynamic force vector varies in magnitude and orientation along the bird’s trajectory (the tracked eye) during a representative flight. Vertical lines denote takeoff and landing, and gray-shaded regions show downstrokes. These wing velocities are governed primarily by flapping kinematics, rather than the bird’s body velocity (gray). ![]() During a representative flight between two instrumented perches in the AFP (bird avatar enlarged 2× for clarity), each wing has an effective vertical velocity V z, horizontal velocity V x, and lateral velocity V y ( c) at the wingtip (black) and at r 2 (radius of gyration light blue). ![]() b The net force from both wings can be decomposed into net horizontal F x and vertical F z components, both of which are directly measured in a new aerodynamic force platform (AFP). Together, lift and drag make up the total force generated by the wing, F wing. L and D effectively act at each wing’s radius of gyration r 2, so we base v wing on the wing’s velocity at r 2 (see the Methods section). However, during slow flapping flight, the total lift L (solid blue arrow) and total drag D (solid red arrow) vectors generated by an individual wing are directed differently, because wing velocity v wing does not align with body velocity v body, as shown for a bird’s first downstroke after takeoff. a During steady forward flight, total lift L (dashed blue arrow) counters bodyweight W (solid green arrow) in the vertical direction, and total drag D (dashed red arrow) is countered by net thrust T (solid dark gray arrow) in the horizontal direction of body velocity (yellow). The aerodynamic force platform enables direct measurements of lift and drag components. Although this body-centric aerodynamic force analysis has been proven particularly successful in aeronautical optimization, it is unclear how informative it is for understanding animal flight because of how their flapping wings move with respect to their body. Consequently, aerodynamic research across engineering and biology has traditionally focused on how lift 3 is generated and can be maximized and how drag 4 can be minimized 1, 2. However, lift generation induces net drag on the body, which does require aerodynamic power (drag × speed) to overcome, because drag opposes flight velocity. In the body frame, the external work exerted on the air to generate net lift is zero, because lift acts perpendicular to the average body flight velocity and, therefore, does not oppose flight. ![]() The net lift force on the body counters weight in the vertical direction, while net thrust counters net drag in the horizontal direction of body velocity 1, 2 (Fig. Like other flying animals that propel themselves, birds sustain level flight by generating net aerodynamic forces with their flapping wings that balance gravity and body drag. Such low ratios are within range of proto-wings, showing how avian precursors may have relied on drag to take off with flapping wings. ![]() The parrotlets repurpose lift and drag during these flights with lift-to-drag ratios below two. Wingbeat power requirements are dominated by downstrokes, while relatively inactive upstrokes cost almost no aerodynamic power. Upon landing, lift is oriented backward to contribute a quarter of the braking force, which reduces the aerodynamic power required to land. At takeoff they incline their wing stroke plane, which orients lift forward to accelerate and drag upward to support nearly half of their bodyweight. To determine how birds use lift and drag, here we report aerodynamic forces and kinematics of Pacific parrotlets ( Forpus coelestis) during short, foraging flights. The lift that animal wings generate to fly is typically considered a vertical force that supports weight, while drag is considered a horizontal force that opposes thrust. |
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